修路这件事，外行看热闹，内行看门道。很多人以为路面铺的就是“沥青混凝土”，其实一条路从下到上，用的材料完全不同。搞混了，路修完没多久就下沉开裂。

When it comes to road construction, laymen see the fun, while experts see the tricks. Many people think that the pavement is made of "asphalt concrete". In fact, a road uses completely different materials from bottom to top. If the materials are mixed up, the road will sink and crack shortly after it is completed.

水稳料：路面的“地基”。 水泥稳定碎石，简称水稳料，是路面结构中的基层材料。它的作用是把上面的行车荷载均匀传递到路基，同时防止路基土体被水侵蚀。水稳料的强度靠水泥水化反应形成，摊铺后需要洒水养护，让水泥充分固化。水稳层的厚度通常在15-25cm之间，具体根据道路等级和交通荷载来定。没有水稳层，沥青面层再厚也是“空中楼阁”。

Cement stabilized material: The "foundation" of the road surface. Cement stabilized macadam, abbreviated as cement stabilized material, is the base material in the road structure. Its function is to evenly distribute the traffic load above to the subgrade and prevent the subgrade soil from being eroded by water. The strength of cement stabilized material is formed by the hydration reaction of cement. After paving, it needs to be watered for curing to allow the cement to fully solidify. The thickness of the cement stabilized layer is usually between 15-25cm, depending on the road grade and traffic load. Without a cement stabilized layer, no matter how thick the asphalt surface layer is, it is just a "castle in the air".

沥青料：路面的“面子”。 沥青混凝土铺在水稳层之上，承担直接的行车磨损。按粒径和层级分，一般有下面层、中面层和上面层。上面层用细粒径沥青料，提供平整度和抗滑性能；下面层用粗粒径沥青料，承担承载功能。济南本地常用的沥青型号有AC-13、AC-20、AC-25等，数字代表非常大公称粒径。选沥青料不能只看价格，还要看软化点、针入度、延度这些指标——夏天高温软化点低的沥青容易泛油，冬天低温延度低的沥青容易脆裂。

Asphalt material: the "face" of the road surface. Asphalt concrete is laid atop the cement stabilized layer, bearing the direct wear from traffic. Based on particle size and layer level, it generally consists of a lower layer, a middle layer, and an upper layer. The upper layer uses fine-grained asphalt material to provide flatness and skid resistance; the lower layer uses coarse-grained asphalt material to bear the load-bearing function. Common asphalt types used locally in Jinan include AC-13, AC-20, AC-25, etc., where the number represents the maximum nominal particle size. When selecting asphalt material, one should not only consider price, but also indicators such as softening point, penetration, and ductility - asphalt with a low softening point in summer due to high temperatures is prone to bleeding, while asphalt with low ductility in winter due to low temperatures is prone to cracking.

乳化沥青：层间粘结的“胶水”。 铺沥青面层之前，要在水稳层上喷洒一层乳化沥青作为透层油，让沥青面层和水稳基层牢固粘结。层间粘结不好，沥青面层会“脱皮”起层，水渗进去加速损坏。

Emulsified asphalt: the "glue" for interlayer bonding. Before laying the asphalt surface layer, a layer of emulsified asphalt should be sprayed on the water-stabilized layer as a prime coat to ensure a firm bond between the asphalt surface layer and the water-stabilized base layer. If the interlayer bonding is poor, the asphalt surface layer may "peel off" and delaminate, allowing water to penetrate and accelerate damage.

济南本地采购要问清楚三件事。 一是生产资质和拌合站位置。沥青混凝土出厂温度要求高（通常150-170℃），运距太远到场温度不够，摊铺压实就不达标。济南的拌合站如果设在商河，运到市区、章丘、长清，运距和保温措施要算清楚。二是级配设计报告。每批沥青料都应该有配合比设计报告，证明其级配和油石比符合设计要求。三是施工能力。材料再好，摊铺突出跟不上照样白搭。摊铺温度、突出遍数、压实度检测，每一项都是验收硬指标。

When purchasing locally in Jinan, it is important to ask about three things. First, production qualifications and the location of the mixing station. The temperature requirement for asphalt concrete upon delivery is high (usually 150-170°C). If the transportation distance is too long, the temperature upon arrival may not be sufficient, resulting in substandard paving and compaction. If the mixing station in Jinan is located in Shanghe, the transportation distance and insulation measures for delivering to the urban area, Zhangqiu, and Changqing need to be carefully calculated. Second, the gradation design report. Each batch of asphalt material should have a mix proportion design report to prove that its gradation and asphalt-aggregate ratio meet the design requirements. Third, construction capability. No matter how good the materials are, if the paving and rolling cannot keep up, it will all be in vain. Paving temperature, rolling passes, and compaction degree testing are all hard indicators for acceptance.

济南沥青混凝土的选择逻辑很清晰：水稳料打底，沥青料做面，乳化沥青粘层。本地采购看运距，到场温度决定压实质量，级配报告和施工能力两项都过关，路才能用得久。

The selection logic for asphalt concrete in Jinan is clear: use cement stabilized material as the base, asphalt material for the surface, and emulsified asphalt for the tack coat. Local procurement depends on the transportation distance, and the temperature upon arrival determines the compaction quality. Only when both the grading report and construction capability meet the standards can the road be used for a long time.

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