沥青料，专业名称为“路用沥青材料”，是指技术指标符合道路使用要求的各种沥青的总称。沥青因其优异的粘结性、防水性和耐久性，被誉为道路建设的“黑色黄金”。人类使用天然沥青的历史可追溯至公元前三千余年，但直到19世纪末，石油沥青因其稳定性高才开始逐步取代天然沥青成为道路建设的主流材料。

Asphalt material, professionally known as "road asphalt material", refers to a general term for various types of asphalt with technical indicators that meet the requirements for road use. Asphalt is known as the "black gold" of road construction due to its excellent adhesion, waterproofing, and durability. The history of human use of natural asphalt can be traced back to over 3000 BC, but it was not until the late 19th century that petroleum asphalt gradually replaced natural asphalt as the mainstream material for road construction due to its high stability.

沥青的分类主要依据来源。沥青主要可分为石油沥青、煤焦沥青和天然沥青三大类。石油沥青是当今道路建设中使用非常广泛的路用沥青材料，由适当性质的原油经常减压蒸馏获得，也可由减压渣油经浅度氧化或丙烷脱沥青工艺制得。道路石油沥青大多呈溶凝胶状态，含有较多的树脂成分，具有较好的流变性能和高温稳定性，在常温下有自行愈合的能力，铺成的道路结构层不易出现裂缝，使用寿命较长。煤焦沥青是炼焦副产品，在道路工程中也有一定应用。天然沥青则包括天然存在的沥青矿藏，如特立尼达湖沥青等。

The classification of asphalt is mainly based on its source. Asphalt can be mainly divided into three categories: petroleum asphalt, coal tar asphalt, and natural asphalt. Petroleum asphalt is the most widely used asphalt material in road construction today. It is obtained by vacuum distillation of crude oil with appropriate properties, or by shallow oxidation or propane deasphalting of vacuum residue oil. Most of the road asphalt is in the form of soluble gel, contains more resin components, has good rheological properties and high temperature stability, and has the ability to self heal at room temperature. The paved road structure layer is not easy to crack, and has a long service life. Coal tar pitch is a byproduct of coking and also has certain applications in road engineering. Natural asphalt includes naturally occurring asphalt deposits, such as Trinidad Lake asphalt.

沥青的“三大指标” 是评价沥青质量的核心参数，也是道路工程技术人员建议掌握的基础知识。

The "three major indicators" of asphalt are the core parameters for evaluating the quality of asphalt, and they are also the basic knowledge that road engineering technicians must master.

针入度是衡量沥青稠度（即软硬程度）的关键指标。它是指在规定的温度和时间内，一定重量的标准针垂直穿入沥青试样的深度，以0.1毫米为单位。针入度越大，沥青越软；针入度越小，沥青越硬。同一品种的石油沥青中，牌号越小沥青越硬，牌号越大沥青越软。常见的牌号如50号、70号、90号等，数字即代表针入度范围——例如70号沥青在25℃时针入度为60-80（0.1mm）。不同交通量和气候条件的道路需要选择不同针入度等级的沥青。

Penetration is a key indicator for measuring the consistency (i.e. softness) of asphalt. It refers to the depth, measured in 0.1 millimeters, at which a standard needle of a certain weight penetrates the asphalt sample vertically within a specified temperature and time. The greater the penetration, the softer the asphalt; The smaller the penetration, the harder the asphalt. In the same variety of petroleum asphalt, the smaller the grade, the harder the asphalt, and the larger the grade, the softer the asphalt. Common grades such as 50, 70, 90, etc., with numbers representing the penetration range - for example, 70 asphalt has a penetration range of 60-80 (0.1mm) at 25 ℃. Roads with different traffic volumes and climatic conditions require the selection of asphalt with different penetration grades.

软化点反映沥青的高温稳定性。软化点越高，沥青在高温下抵抗流动和变形的能力越强。在炎热地区或重载交通路段，需要选择软化点较高的沥青，以防止路面在夏季高温下出现车辙变形。延度则反映沥青的塑性变形能力，延度越大，沥青在低温下的抗裂性能越好。在寒冷地区，需要选择延度较大的沥青，以防止路面在冬季低温下开裂。

The softening point reflects the high-temperature stability of asphalt. The higher the softening point, the stronger the ability of asphalt to resist flow and deformation at high temperatures. In hot areas or heavy traffic sections, it is necessary to choose asphalt with a higher softening point to prevent rutting deformation of the road surface during high temperatures in summer. Ductility reflects the plastic deformation ability of asphalt, and the greater the ductility, the better the crack resistance of asphalt at low temperatures. In cold regions, it is necessary to choose asphalt with high ductility to prevent cracking of the road surface at low temperatures in winter.

沥青的分类体系在工程实践中不断细化。按生产加工方法，石油沥青可分为直馏沥青、溶剂脱油沥青、氧化沥青、调和沥青、乳化沥青、改性沥青等。直馏沥青是非常基础的沥青产品，通过常减压蒸馏直接得到。改性沥青则是在基质沥青中添加SBS、SBR等聚合物改性剂，大幅提升沥青的高温稳定性、低温抗裂性和抗老化性能。乳化沥青是将沥青分散于水中形成的乳液，可在常温下施工，广泛应用于透层、粘层和稀浆封层等。

The classification system of asphalt is constantly refined in engineering practice. According to the production and processing methods, petroleum asphalt can be divided into straight run asphalt, solvent deoiled asphalt, oxidized asphalt, blended asphalt, emulsified asphalt, modified asphalt, etc. Straight run asphalt is the most basic asphalt product, obtained directly through atmospheric and vacuum distillation. The modified asphalt is to add polymer modifiers such as SBS and SBR in the base asphalt, greatly improving the high-temperature stability, low-temperature cracking resistance and aging resistance of asphalt. Emulsified asphalt is a lotion formed by dispersing asphalt in water. It can be constructed at room temperature and is widely used in prime coat, tack coat and slurry seal.

在性能检测方面，除三大指标外，沥青还需检测黏度、闪点、蜡含量、溶解度等指标。随着技术的发展，SHRP（美国战略公路研究计划）规范中引入了动态剪切流变试验（DSR）、弯曲梁试验（BBR）等更科学的评价方法，分别表征沥青的高温抗车辙能力、低温抗开裂能力和抗疲劳开裂能力。这些检测手段的进步，为沥青的合理选型和道路的长寿命设计提供了科学依据。

In terms of performance testing, in addition to the three major indicators, asphalt also needs to be tested for viscosity, flash point, wax content, solubility and other indicators. With the development of technology, more scientific evaluation methods such as dynamic shear rheological test (DSR) and bending beam test (BBR) have been introduced in the SHRP (Strategic Highway Research Program) specification to characterize the high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature cracking resistance, and fatigue cracking resistance of asphalt, respectively. The advancement of these detection methods provides a scientific basis for the precise selection of asphalt and the long-term design of roads.

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